The Rainbow Warrior Bombing

The Rainbow Warrior Bombing Just before midnight on July 10, 1985, Greenpeace’s flagship Rainbow Warrior was sunk while berthed at Waitemata Harbor in Auckland, New Zealand. Investigations showed that French Secret Service agents had placed two limpet mines on Rainbow Warrior’s hull and propeller. It was an attempt to prevent Greenpeace from protesting French nuclear testing in the Mururoa Atoll in French Polynesia. Of the 11 crew on board the Rainbow Warrior, all but one made it to safety. The attack on the Rainbow Warrior caused an international scandal and greatly deteriorated the relationship between the once friendly countries of New Zealand and France. Greenpeaces Flagship: The Rainbow Warrior By 1985, Greenpeace was an international environmentalist organization of great renown. Founded in 1971, Greenpeace had worked diligently over the years to help save whales and seals from being hunted, to stop the dumping of toxic waste into oceans, and to end nuclear testing around the world. To aid them in their cause, Greenpeace purchased a North Sea fishing trawler in 1978. Greenpeace transformed this 23-year-old, 417-ton, 131-foot-long trawler into their flagship, Rainbow Warrior. The name of the ship had been taken from a North American Cree Indian prophesy: â€Å"When the world is sick and dying, the people will rise up like Warriors of the Rainbow†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The Rainbow Warrior was easily recognizable by the dove carrying an olive branch at its bow and the rainbow that ran along its side. When the Rainbow Warrior arrived at Waitemata Harbor in Auckland, New Zealand on Sunday, July 7, 1985, it was as a respite between campaigns. The Rainbow Warrior and her crew had just returned from helping evacuate and relocate the small community that lived on Rongelap Atoll in the Marshall Islands. These people had been suffering from long-term radiation exposure caused by the fallout from the U.S. nuclear testing on the nearby Bikini Atoll. The plan was for the Rainbow Warrior to spend two weeks in nuclear-free New Zealand. It would then lead a flotilla of ships out to French Polynesia to protest the proposed French nuclear test at the Mururoa Atoll. The Rainbow Warrior never got a chance to leave port. The Bombing The crew aboard Rainbow Warrior had been celebrating a birthday before going to bed. A few of the crew, including Portuguese photographer Fernando Pereira, had stayed up a bit later, hanging out in the mess room, drinking the last few beers. Around 11:40 pm, an explosion rocked the ship. To some on board, it felt like Rainbow Warrior had been hit by a tugboat. It was later discovered that it was a limpet mine that had exploded near the engine room. The mine tore a 6  ½ by 8-foot hole in the side of the Rainbow Warrior.   Water gushed in. While most of the crew scrambled upward, 35-year-old Pereira headed to his cabin, presumably to retrieve his precious cameras. Unfortunately, that was when a second mine exploded. Placed near the propeller, the second limpet mine really rocked the Rainbow Warrior, causing Captain Pete Willcox to order everyone to abandon ship. Pereira, whether because he was knocked unconscious or trapped by a gush of water, was unable to leave his cabin. He drowned inside the ship. Within four minutes, the Rainbow Warrior tilted to its side and sank. Who Did It? It was really a quirk of fate that lead to the discovery of who was responsible for the sinking of the Rainbow Warrior. On the evening of the bombing, two men happened to take note of an inflatable dinghy and a van nearby that seemed to be acting a bit strangely. The men were intrigued enough that they took down the van’s license plate. This little piece of information set the police on an investigation that led them to the French Direction Generale de la Securite Exterieure (DGSE) – the French Secret Service. The two DGSE agents that had been posing as Swiss tourists and rented the van were found and arrested. (These two agents, Alain Mafart and Dominique Prieur, would be the only two people tried for this crime. They pled guilty to manslaughter and willful damage and received 10-year prison sentences.) Other DGSE agents were discovered to have come to New Zealand on board the 40-foot yacht Ouvea, but those agents managed to evade capture. In total, it is believed that approximately 13 DGSE agents were involved in what the French termed Operation Satanique (Operation Satan). Contrary to all of the building evidence, the French government at first denied any involvement. This blatant cover up greatly angered New Zealanders who felt that the Rainbow Warrior bombing was a state-sponsored terrorist attack against New Zealand itself. The Truth Comes Out On September 18, 1985, the popular French newspaper Le Monde published a story that clearly implicated the French government in the Rainbow Warrior bombing. Two days later, French Minister of Defense Charles Hernu and Director General of the DGSE Pierre Lacoste resigned from their positions. On September 22, 1985, French Prime Minister Laurent Fabius announced on TV: â€Å"Agents of the DGSE sank this boat. They acted on orders.† With the French believing that government agents should not be held responsible for actions conducted while following orders and New Zealanders completely disagreeing, the two countries agreed to have the UN act as a mediator. On July 8, 1986, UN Secretary-General Javier Perez de Cuellar announced that the French were to pay New Zealand $13 million, give an apology, and stop trying to boycott New Zealand produce. New Zealand, on the other hand, had to give up the two DGSE agents, Prieur and Mafart. Once handed over to the French, Prieur and Mafart were supposed to serve out their sentences at Hao Atoll in French Polynesia; however, they were both released within two years – much to the dismay of New Zealanders. After Greenpeace threatened to sue the French government, an international arbitration tribunal was set up to mediate. On October 3, 1987, the tribunal ordered the French government to pay Greenpeace a total of $8.1 million. The French government has yet to officially apologize to Pereira’s family, but has given them an undisclosed sum of money as a settlement. What Happened to the Broken Rainbow Warrior? The damage done to the Rainbow Warrior was irreparable and so the wreck of the Rainbow Warrior was floated north and then re-sunk in Matauri Bay in New Zealand. The Rainbow Warrior became part of a living reef, a place where fish like to swim and recreational divers like to visit. Just above Matauri Bay sits a concrete-and-rock memorial to the fallen Rainbow Warrior. The sinking of the Rainbow Warrior did not stop Greenpeace from its mission. In fact, it made the organization even more popular. To keep up its campaigns, Greenpeace commissioned another ship, Rainbow Warrior II, which was launched exactly four years after the bombing. Rainbow Warrior II worked for 22 years for Greenpeace, retiring in 2011. At which time it was replaced with Rainbow Warrior III, a $33.4 million ship made specifically for Greenpeace.

Easy Instructions for Holding a Class Debate

Easy Instructions for Holding a Class Debate Teachers look to debates as a fun way to study relevant topics and dig deeper into a subject than with a lecture. Participating in a classroom debate teaches students skills they cant get from a textbook, such as critical thinking, organizational, research, presentation and  teamwork skills. You can debate any topic in your classroom using this debate framework. They make an obvious fit in history and social studies classes, but nearly any curriculum can incorporate a classroom debate. Educational Debate: Class Preparation Introduce the debates to your students by explaining the rubric  you will use to grade them. You can check out a sample rubric  or design your own. A few weeks before you plan to hold debates in class, distribute a list of possible topics worded as statements in favor of specific ideas. For example, you might posit that peaceful political demonstrations  such as marches influence lawmakers. You would then assign one team to represent the affirmative argument for this statement and one team to present the opposing point of view. Ask each student to write down the topics they like in order of preference. From these lists, partner students in debate groups with two for each side of the topic: pro and con. Before you hand out the debate assignments, warn students that some might end up  debating  in favor of positions they dont actually agree with, but explain that doing this effectively reinforces the learning objectives of the project. Ask them to research their topics and with their partners, establish factually supported arguments in favor of or against the debate statement, depending on their assignment. Educational Debate: Class Presentation On the day of debate, give students in the audience a blank rubric. Ask them to judge the debate objectively. Appoint one student to moderate the debate if you dont want to fill this role yourself. Make sure all of the students but especially the moderator understand the protocol for the debate. Begin the debate with the pro side speaking first. Allow them five to seven minutes of uninterrupted time to explain their position. Both members of the team must participate equally. Repeat the process for the con side. Give both sides about three minutes to confer and prepare for their rebuttal. Begin the rebuttals with the con side and give them three minutes to speak. Both members must participate equally. Repeat this for the pro side. You can expand this basic framework to include time for cross-examination between the presentation of positions or add a second round of speeches to each segment of the debate. Ask your student audience to fill out the grading rubric, then use the feedback to award a winning team. Tips Consider giving  extra credit to audience members for well-thought-out questions following the debate.Prepare a list of simple rules for the debate and distribute it to all students prior to the debate. Include a reminder that students participating in the debate and in the audience should not interrupt the speakers.

Liberal view of international relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Liberal view of international relations - Essay Example Thus, the liberal school of thought operates on certain core assumptions. The first and most fundamental premise of the liberal school of thought is the argument that the relationship that states have with other actors, state and non state, in the international community to a great extent shapes their behavior by influencing their preferences. To the liberalists, how states behave in the international arena has more to do with their preferences rather than their capabilities. Consequently, depending on such internal factors in states such as culture, the economic system or even the type of government therein, the preferences are likely to be different from state to   state. In liberalism, the relations that particular states have to the local domestic and even the global communal framework in which they are set in has a fundamental impact on their behavior as far as international politics is concerned. Thus, societal ideas, interests and the institutions in these states heavily inf luence their behaviors by shaping their preferences. The liberalists also distinguish between high and low politics as the determinants of interaction between states. That is to stay, to the liberalists, states do not only interact in the international relations as a result of high end political issues such as politics and security. State also interact on the basis of low political issues in the form of economics and culture. (Shared assumptions of realism and liberal institutionalism, n.d.)... To the liberalists, how states behave in the international arena has more to do with their preferences rather than their capabilities. Consequently, depending on such internal factors in states such as culture, the economic system or even the type of government therein, the preferences are likely to be different from state to state. In liberalism, the relations that particular states have to the local domestic and even the global communal framework in which they are set in has a fundamental impact on their behavior as far as international politics is concerned. Thus, societal ideas, interests and the institutions in these states heavily influence their behaviors by shaping their preferences. The liberalists also distinguish between high and low politics as the determinants of interaction between states. That is to stay, to the liberalists, states do not only interact in the international relations as a result of high end political issues such as politics and security. State also inte ract on the basis of low political issues in the form of economics and culture. (Shared assumptions of realism and liberal institutionalism, n.d.) Another assumption of the liberal school of though lies in the fact that rational individuals and private groups who organize and exchange to promote their interests as opposed to states are viewed as the primary actors in the international arena. Again, that states and other political institutions represent some division of domestic society. This then forms the basis of interests upon which state officials then define state preferences and therefore act with a purpose in the world politics. Lastly, that there is interdependence of

Home Schooling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Home Schooling - Essay Example This essay approves that children who have gone through homeschooling have a high chance of suffering from social and religious extremism. This behavioral change makes it easy for extremist groups like terrorist organizations or gangs to recruit them. Home schooled children can potentially develop parallel societies whose standards do not fit in with the society. For example, atheists’ ideologies are always crossing paths with the rest of society. Most parents think that homeschooling is an effective way to save money, but it is not since they sacrifice the child`s education in the name of vacations and lavish lifestyles. Home schooled children also run the risk of sexual molestation. As parents sometimes leave their children with complete strangers, they may turn out to be pedophiles who prey on innocent children. These acts leave a permanent scar on the children, which may lead to depression and suicidal thoughts. An instance of the negatives of homeschooling is best illustrated as follows; there was a family in Atlanta, who decided to home school their six year old daughter since they did not believe in the state`s education system and curriculum. this report makes a conclusion that homeschooling should be abolished since its negative effects outweigh the positive ones. There is no basis of having a learning system that produces incompetent students who have no social skills. Children need to play and mingle together, and not be included in their parents` insecurities.

Higher education Essay Example for Free

Higher education Essay In â€Å"Some Lessons from the Assembly Line† Andrew Braaksma writes about his experiences working for factories during his summer breaks and his education. His experiences let him realizes that he works so hard and get little pay. It’s totally different from his college life. So he appreciates his education. I agree with what Andrew Braaksma says about how college life is different from the â€Å"real world†. Have you already prepared to the real world? Andrew Braaksma is a college student. He compares and contrasts two aspects of his life: working at assembly line as a blue-collar during summer vacations and being a college student. He worked in the factories surrounding his hometown for two reasons: got overtime pay and saved money because lived at home is cheaper than campus.â€Å"Aftera particularly exhausting string of 12-hour days at a plastics factory,† Andrew Braaksma, as college student who has never been out in the real world, realized that college was better than the work he was doing. His life in college was relatively easy: he slept late; he was able to spend time studying. He also had time to relax with his friends. So he couldn’t wait for school to start again. I feel the same way with Andrew Braaksma. I couldn’t imagine my life in the real work before I graduated from college. During I went to college in 80’s in China, I wish I can get a job as soon as possible. While I was working at a TV factory as engineer,I saw many younger workers who worked there 16 hours a day for many years had no holiday and vacation because they had no education, and some didn’t finish high school. It was also very stressful for theworkers because they knew their job could disappear overnight for outsources. It’s really a dog eat dog world. Working in the assembly line caused Andrew to reflect on how fortunate he really was. This helped him appreciated his education. Those people without a proper education are often forced to take unstable and low pay jobs in order to support themselves and their families. However, poverty and backwardness of my hometown let me want to change lives through higher education. I realize that my education is more important when it comes to searching for a job for a long period of time.

The Educational Journey Essay -- Learning Schooling Teaching Papers

The Educational Journey Education is a journey through the universe. The universe is enormous and seems to have no end. If a person wants to be truly educated, he or she must spend years in school studying both important and trivial information. The material in the solar system represents the years a student spends in school. The remaining space in the universe is the endless learning one does outside of the classroom. The sun may not be in the center of the universe; however, the sun is the central core of the educational journey. The sun is where the educational journey begins. The elementary school years, kindergarten through fifth grade, are important years for the student. The elementary school grades are the years where a student should get a grasp on the basics in education, the focus being on math and developing literacy. Students are learning how to read write the alphabet, and how to connect sentences to form paragraphs. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are also being learned by the student during these years. Little time is usually spent on science and history. Recently schools have spent so much emphasis is placed on math and reading because of the California state mandated test the Stanford 9. Other states are in the same position with their own state-mandated tests. Students miss out on other important subjects in the curriculum. Teaching the subjects in the curriculum to a coeducational class may be difficult because boys and girls learn differently. Dave Thomas, who wrote an article, called "The Mind Of Man" argues that boys and girls learn differently point vehemently. He believes girls often have a difficult time in the classroom because the boys do all the talking (121). From person... ...ey. While the experiences may not always be enjoyable, the final outcome usually is. Everyone learns in a different manner, the direct path through the solar system does not work for everyone. People drop out of school everyday, but that does not by any means mean their life is over. As long as a person has goals in life, and they achieve those goals, he or she can be successful. Works Cited Rose, Mike. "Lives on the Boundary." The Presence of Others. Ed. Andrea A. Lunsford And John J. Ruszkiewicz. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2000. 105-119. Spayde, John. "Learning in the Key of Life." The Presence of Others. Ed. Andrea A. Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2000. 58-64. Thomas, David. "The Mind of Man." The Presence of Others. Ed. Andrea A. Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2000. 120-125. 7

Haemorrhagic Shock In Trauma Health And Social Care Essay

Fluid resuscitation is a critical constituent in the direction of haemorrhagic daze in injury. Recently, important promotion has been made in our apprehension and attack to this critical therapy. Traditional big volume fluid therapy is being replaced by a more conservative restricted volume attack purporting to better endurance rates in trauma patients showing with hemorrhagic daze. Haemorrhagic daze is one of the prima causes of preventable decease due to traumatic hurt, accounting for between 20 % and 40 % of trauma mortality. As such, betterments in the protocol for unstable resuscitation can hold considerable effects on the results for injury patients. Table 1 high spots some of the chief alterations in resuscitation methods from the last century and the benefits seen in trauma mortality. Table 1: Improvements in Resuscitation and the altering epidemiology of trauma deceases Shock occurs when circulative abnormalcy consequences in unequal tissue perfusion and oxygenation. In the bulk of instances this is as a consequence of bleeding. The purpose of intervention is to keep blood force per unit area and tissue perfusion until the bleeding can be brought under control. The focal point of unstable resuscitation developments has centred around three of import inquiries, when to give, how much and what sort of fluid. Since the mid 1960 ‘s, based on the plants of Shires and Wiggers, big volume crystalloid resuscitation has been favoured. The end of intervention has been to return blood force per unit area to normal values or even above normal. In the last few decennaries this attack has come under increasing examination, research has shown aggressive early fluid resuscitation to increase bleeding and mortality due to break of coagulums and dilutional coagulopathy. This has led to the debut of ‘permissive hypotension ‘ as portion of harm control resuscitation intervention to antagonize these issues.Advanced Trauma Life Support ( ATLS ) GuidelinesThe ATLS programme was developed by the American College of Surgeons. Its purpose is to supply consistent, standardised and effectual protocol for the direction of traumatic hurt. Their guidelines have become internationally recognized and adopted by many states. Between the 2004 and 2008 published guidelines a cardinal alteration was made to the protocol sing unstable resuscitation. Whilst the 2004 version advocators aggressive early fluid resuscitation to return blood force per unit area to normal values, urging extract of 2 liters of Ringers lactate in response to marks of acute blood loss, the 2008 guidelines suggest restricted usage of colloids and detaining unstable resuscitation to keep a lower blood force per unit area in the patient. This is known as ‘permissive high blood pressure ‘ and purposes to diminish the hazard of hemorrhage and dilution coagulopathy associated with aggressive fluid resuscitation. It should be noted nevertheless that permissive hypotension is perfectly contraindicated where traumatic encephalon hurt is suspected as care of intellectual perfusion is critical in this scene. Which is the best attack nevertheless is still a point of contention. A recent Cochrane reappraisal found that there was uncertainness as to the optimal volume and timing of unstable resuscitation and a deficiency of grounds for or against the different schemes.Traditional Fluid Resuscitation and the Evidence for ChangeTraditional fluid resuscitation has centred on the 3 to 1 regulation whereby the volume of unstable replacing is equal to three times the blood loss. This stemmed from by several surveies that determined there was a survival advantage obtained by utilizing big volume crystalloid extract to replace both the intravascular and interstitial fluid lost during bleeding. Concerns sing the possible harmful effects of aggressive fluid resuscitation began to emerge in the 1980 ‘s. A reappraisal by Cotton et al high spots increased happening of acute respiratory hurt syndrome ( ARDS ) , cardiac disfunction, increased bleeding and a possible hazard factor for developing abdominal compartment syndrome. Overall this method was seen to increase mortality. At this clip military research involvement tried to place the ideal resuscitation scheme. A 1999 study highlighted the insufficiency of the current resuscitation schemes and potentially harmful effects of current protocol. A follow up study in 2001 determined clinical triggers for when to implement resuscitation every bit good as ends for therapy. The trigger points were systolic blood force per unit area less so 80mmHg, diminishing blood force per unit area or altered consciousness in the absence of head hurt. The mark of therapy was to keep a tangible radial pulsation. These studies highlighted that aggressive fluid should be avoided due to the negative effects and that hypotension in the patient was allowed provided a radial pulsation was tangible. This led on to the permissive hypotension scheme advocated by the ATLS guidelines which forms portion of the harm control resuscitation attack to traumatic hurt.Damage Control Resuscitation ( DCR )DCR is a modern attack to the direction of traumatic hurts. DCR began life in the armed forces and has expanded to be a cardinal constituent of civilian injury direction. Its purposes are to battle the physiological upsets associated with bleeding, specifically the combination of acute coagulopathy, hypothermia and acidosis known as the ‘lethal three ‘ . This deadly three is initiated by decreased tissue oxygenation as a effect of daze, this leads to anaerobic metamorphosis which increases lactate production doing metabolic acidosis. Anaerobic metamorphosis besides reduces endogenous heat production declining hypothermia. This ‘lethal three ‘ has been shown to worsen bleeding and increase mortality. Permissive hypotension is a major constituent of DCR to pull off the deadly three.Permissive HypotensionPermissive hypotension is a scheme to aim hemorrhagic daze through limited fluid therapy. This is achieved by either cut downing the volume of infused fluids or detaining disposal. This method allows for a limited period of decreased terminal organ perfusion until equal control of the bleeding has been achieved. This scheme has developed in response to increased apprehension of the harmful effects of big volume crystalloid resuscitation. The 3:1 method of unstable resuscitation was developed from the survey of controlled bleeding in animate beings whereby a fixed volume of blood was removed before bleeding was stopped and the animate being resuscitated. It became clear that this did non accurately represent existent life injury hurt where hemorrhage may be ongoing or re-start if blood force per unit area is raised or coagulopathy worsens. The thought of permissive hypotension began with Cannon et Al in 1918. This survey noted the increased hazard of bleeding if blood force per unit area was returned to normal anterior to adequate bleeding control. This is believed to be due to break of the organic structure ‘s natural defense mechanisms to blood loss, in peculiar the formation of coagulums and vasoconstriction. A 1994 survey by Bickell et Al was a cardinal minute in the development of permissive hypotension. They found that by detaining resuscitation in patients showing with perforating injury increased endurance to 72 % from 62 % in patients treated with traditional aggressive fluid therapy. Similar consequences have been found when volume of fluid has been surveies. Tisherman compared the survival rates of patients having 2.5L of fluid to patients who received less than 0.5L. The consequence showed a survival rate of 70 % for the lower volumes versus 62 % for the higher volumes.DiscussionThe updated ATLS guidelines mark an of import promotion in the direction of haemorrhagic daze and the development of unstable resuscitation. This represents an increasing organic structure of grounds foregrounding the negative effects of high volume fluid resuscitation every bit good as improved endurance rates in instances where fluid volume has been restricted. However, as highlighted by the Cochrane reappraisal there is still limited grounds as to which unstable resuscitation scheme is best in the hemorrhage trauma patient.

Essay on Want-Creation Fuels Americans Addictiveness by Slater

Philip Slater argues in his essay â€Å"Want-Creation Fuels Americans’ Addictiveness† that the dependency many Americans have on drugs is the result of the premium that American society puts on success. This success comes with costs attached, but these costs are brushed aside, often with the help of medicating drugs (Slater 392). The addictive personality of Americans extends beyond drugs, too, to addictions of all types.Slater argues that because we are told every day that were ignorant, misguided, inadequate, incompetent and undesirable we can only escape this condition if we indulge, an act that will make us feel better (395). Slater’s point is not that we are inadequate or any of those negative attributes, but that we are meant to feel that way if we do not achieve to a certain level. Yet, the level to which Americans achieve is actually very high. The quick fix mentality is ascribed by Slater to be one of the most important causes of drug abuse (392).Our soc iety is harsh, he describes, but we prefer quicker action rather than solutions that evolve over the long term (Slater 392). As a result, drugs become an attractive means of medicating ourselves in response to the harshness of our society (Slater 393). Too many people in today’s society want to mask their problems with drugs or alcohol instead of dealing with the problems face to face. I would have to strongly agree with Slaters point of view in this essay. Americans do tend to have addictive personalities as a whole.While all you need is food, shelter, and water to survive everyone has their own wants and needs that they feel they could not live without. For example nowadays I believe that most people would not be able to live without the internet. We have all become so dependent on the internet for almost all sources of information that if something were to happen and there was no internet anymore then people would feel as though we had gone back to the dark ages and start struggling to get through their everyday lives.Most people would completely lose themselves if we didn’t have the technology that we are so accustomed to; between computers, cell phones and other technologies Americans would be at a loss especially with cell phones and people not remembering numbers or writing them down and only keeping them in their cell phones. On the other hand Americans are resilient and would overcome the situation that was placed in front of them. Americans would overcome and adapt to the situation by going back to their roots and the way they did things before the internet.I know for myself I would be lost without GPS being that I use it for my job and in my everyday life for going almost anywhere I am not familiar with. Addiction is a part of everyone’s life in one way or another. This condition is not one of necessity but of want. Work Cited Slater, Phillip. â€Å"Want-Creation Fuels Americans’ Addictiveness. † One World, Many Cu ltures. 8th ed. Eds. Stuart Hirschberg and Terry Hirschberg. New York: Pearson Longman, 2010. 391-395. Print.

Bipolar Diseases in the Air essays

Bipolar Diseases in the Air essays Mental disorders are becoming a more recognized illness in todays society. Psychological stress and genetic backgrounds are two of the main factors triggering these disorders. It is estimated that more than 17 million Americans meet the criteria for mental disorders (Depression 1). This means that there are undoubtedly a small percentage of these Americans that, at one time in their life, will apply for an aviation medical certificate. According to FAA regulations a medical examiner is required to deny certification to individuals who show signs of certain mental disorders (Depression 2). Bipolar disorder is one of these disorders in which denial of an aviation medical certificate will be sought. Bipolar disorder is one type of mood disorder, with different characteristics that set it apart from the other disorders. Also called manic-depression, it is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in a persons mood, energy, and ability to function. It is distinguished by behavior that fluctuates from extreme highs to serious lows interspersed with periods of normal mood. Typically everyone does go through normal ups and downs. However, Symptoms of bipolar disorder are more severe, resulting in damaged relationships, poor job or school performance and even suicide (Jamison 24). Bipolar disorder typically develops in late adolescence or early adulthood and continues throughout life. Symptoms of this disorder are decreased need for sleep, talkativeness, racing thoughts, distractibility, psychomotor agitation, irritability, diminished interest, loss of pleasure in most activities, feelings of inappropriateness and even suicidal thoughts (Simmons). These symptoms can have a major impact on pilots in both their social life and their ability to perform their job. It has been found that bipolar disorder is not a result of just one particular cause but rather a combinati...

Lewis Structure Definition and Example

Lewis Structure Definition and Example Lewis structures go by many names, including Lewis electron dot structures, Lewis dot diagrams, and electron dot structures. All these names refer to the same sort of diagram, which is intended to show the location of bonds and electron pairs. Key Takeaways: Lewis Structure A Lewis structure is a diagram that shows the covalent bonds and lone electron pairs in a molecule.Lewis structures are based on the octet rule.While Lewis structures are useful for describing chemical bonding, they are limited in that they do not account for aromaticity, nor do they describe magnetic behavior accurately. Lewis Structure Definition A Lewis structure is a structural representation of a molecule where dots are used to show electron position around the atoms and lines or dot pairs represent covalent bonds between atoms. The purpose of drawing a Lewis dot structure is to identify the lone electron pairs in molecules to help determine chemical bond formation. Lewis structures may be made for molecules that contain covalent bonds and for coordination compounds. The reason is that electrons are shared in a covalent bond. In an ionic bond, its more like one atom donates an electron to the other atom. A Lewis structure is named for Gilbert N. Lewis, who introduced the idea in the article The Atom and the Molecule in 1916. Also Known As: Lewis structures are also called  Lewis dot diagrams, electron dot diagrams, Lewis dot formulas, or electron dot formulas. Technically, Lewis structures and electron dot structures are different because electron dot structures show all electrons as dots, while Lewis structures indicate shared pairs in a chemical bond by drawing a line. How a Lewis Structure Works A Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule in which atoms share electrons so that each atom has 8 electrons in its outer shell. As an example, an oxygen atom has 6 electrons in its outer shell. In a Lewis structure, these 6 dots are arranged so an atom has two lone pairs and two single electrons. The two pairs would be opposite each other around the O symbol and the two single electrons would be on the other sides of the atom, opposite each other. In general, single electrons are written on the side of an element symbol. An incorrect placement would be (for example), four electrons on one side of the atom and two on the opposite side. When oxygen bonds to two hydrogen atoms to form water, each hydrogen atom has one dot for its lone electron. The electron dot structure for water shows the single electrons for oxygen sharing space with the single electrons from hydrogen. All 8 spots for dots around oxygen are filed, so the molecule has a stable octet. How to Write a Lewis Structure For a neutral molecule, follow these steps: Determine how many valence electrons each atom in the molecule has. Like for carbon dioxide, each carbon has 4 valence electrons. Oxygen has 6 valence electrons.If a molecule has more than one type of atom, the most metallic or least electronegative atom goes in the center. If you dont know the electronegativity, remember the trend is that electronegativity decreases as you move away from fluorine on the periodic table.Arrange electrons so each atom contributes one electron to form a single bond between each atom.Finally, count the electrons around each atom. If each has 8 or an octet, then the octet is complete. If not, proceed to the next step.If you have an atom that is missing dots, re-draw the structure to make certain electrons form pairs to get the number on each atom to 8. For example, with carbon dioxide, the initial structure has 7 electrons associated with each oxygen atom and 6 electrons for the carbon atom. The final structure puts two pairs (2 sets of 2 dots) on each ox ygen atom, two oxygen electron dots facing the carbon atom, and two sets of carbon dots (2 electrons on each side). There are 4 electrons between each oxygen and carbon, which are drawn as double bonds. Sources Lewis, G. N. (1916). The Atom and the Molecule, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 38 (4): 762–85. doi:10.1021/ja02261a002Weinhold, Frank; Landis, Clark R. (2005). Valency and bonding: A Natural Bond Orbital Donor-Acceptor Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 367. ISBN 0-521-83128-8.Zumdahl, S. (2005) Chemical Principles. Houghton-Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-37206-7.

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

International Business - Essay Example who pointed to the small current-trade between Canada and Mexico, Mexican competition with Canadian goods in US markets and the supposed failure of the then existing Canadian-US trade agreement. Today, after sixteen years does the Canadian experience confirm the fears of the critics or did NAFTA live up to the expectations? For Canada, the NAFTA is an improvement on its previous trade agreement with the United States – the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement (CUFTA) - in a number of respects. Canada now has an extension of duty drawbacks and greater discipline over standards, which should reduce border conflicts with the US. I would like to underscore, as well that the best part of the agreement in my opinion is that Canada, along with the US and Mexico have the same low or zero most favored nation tariff on imports such as computers. This old custom union model has huge advantages because rules of origin are not required for trade in that product within the union. In addition, Canada also reaps some benefits in the area of agriculture. Between 1991 and 2002, Canadian exports absorbed by the United States rose from 39 to 67 percent. (Volrath 2004) The Canadian oil is also gobbled up exclusively by the United States along with its underlying strategic political mileage for the country. On the economic side, investments also poured in, particularly those from foreign companies who want to access the NAFTA market. In a way, this fact provides an argument against those NAFTA critics who argue that investment is lost to Mexico due to cheap labor. As it is, there are countries and firms who prefer Canada over Mexico because the country’s labor pool is skilled and educated; and over the US, because of the appeal of lower costs and a moderate tax regime. This is underscored by the tremendous rise in the foreign direct investment in the country. Annual figures during the first seven years of NAFTA reflected an average of $21.4 billion investment s for the country, almost

Quality Management in the Hotel Escargo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Quality Management in the Hotel Escargo - Essay Example The essay "Quality Management in the Hotel Escargo" talks about the management strategy of the Hotel Escargo and how the hotel manages with prevention and appraisal costs. The writer argues that prevention costs should be ranked first before appraisal costs. This statement is true because business enterprises are required to first institute mechanisms to keep defects from occurring during the production process. Appraisal costs will arise when striving to detect defects through inspections, tests, and audits. I agree with the fact that most companies allow 10-15 percent to the prevent costs in typical situations; however, prevention costs should be maintained above 70 percent of total costs of quality. Olson argues that the in the ideal situation, the proportion of prevention is highest among the total costs of quality. Prevention costs that the management need to consider include quality planning, check-in and check-out system development and management, workforce training and employee development. Appraisal costs relevant to Hotel Escargo include room cleaning and inspection expenses, administering customer feedback survey, and room service audits. I agree with the writer of the assessment appraisal costs should be ranked second after prevention costs. The problem statement clarifies that there are aspects in check-in and check-out systems that need to undergo improvement. The management intends to develop a new process that is characterized by efficient and convenient in serving customers.